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Antimicrobial Resistance: Nigeria’s Hidden Killer

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By Laide Akinboade

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has quietly emerged as one of Nigeria’s most pressing public health challenges, claiming countless lives while remaining largely under the radar. Often referred to as a “silent pandemic,” AMR occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve to resist the medicines designed to kill them, rendering antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals ineffective.

This resistance leads to prolonged illnesses, higher healthcare costs, and an increased risk of severe complications or death.
The roots of AMR lie in the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial drugs. In Nigeria, this includes taking antibiotics without prescriptions, failing to complete treatment courses, and the widespread use of these drugs in agriculture and livestock.
For instance, tetracycline antibiotics, commonly used to treat respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and acne, have seen a dramatic rise in resistance. Many bacterial strains no longer respond to treatment, leaving healthcare providers with fewer options to combat infections.Beyond drug misuse, the circulation of counterfeit medicines has further exacerbated AMR in Nigeria. According to Dr. Tunde Sigbeku, Deputy Director at the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), fake drugs have worsened the situation.“It’s not foreigners smuggling fake drugs into Nigeria; it is Nigerians who travel abroad to bring them in,” he stated.NAFDAC has been battling the proliferation of counterfeit medicines since its establishment on December 31, 1992. Several open markets across Nigeria remain hotspots for the sale of substandard drugs. In Kano and Aba, counterfeit medications are readily available, while the Onitsha drug market has been a focal point for regulatory raids. Lagos, particularly the Idumota market, is also a major distribution hub for fake pharmaceuticals. Despite periodic enforcement actions, weak penalties for offenders and Nigeria’s dependence on imported medicines perpetuate the problem.“There was a time we opened capsules imported through the port only to discover they contained tar. The offender was jailed for just six months. Our laws are too lenient, which is why counterfeit pharmaceuticals continue to circulate,” Dr. Sigbeku noted.Recognizing the urgency of the crisis, Nigeria has developed a National Action Plan (NAP) to tackle drug-resistant infections. The plan aims to improve public awareness, strengthen surveillance systems, promote responsible antimicrobial use in humans, animals, and agriculture, enhance infection prevention and control, and foster research and innovation.The first phase, NAP 1.0, was implemented from 2017 to 2022. In October 2024, Nigeria launched NAP 2.0, set to run until 2028.Dr. Sati Ngulukun of the National Veterinary Research Institute estimates that implementing NAP 2.0 could cost approximately 62 billion Naira, based on World Health Organisation (WHO) projections. He emphasized the importance of strengthening AMR surveillance and operational research to improve evidence-based decision-making.“Improving infection prevention and control (IPC) programmes, biosecurity, and vaccination uptake—including access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) across our health sectors—is critical,” he stated.Dr. Ngulukun also highlighted the need to build knowledge and capacity among key stakeholders to drive local innovation, research, and the development of new antimicrobials, diagnostics, and vaccines. Unlike NAP 1.0, which tracked selected indicators, NAP 2.0 introduces mid-term reviews to assess key performance indicators. These reviews will be conducted by a team of experts from the ministry, partners, and stakeholders.At a recent workshop on Antimicrobial Resistance Phase II, organised by Flaming Fund Country Fund, UK Aid, and Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Dr. Samuel Fele—represented by Dr. Ngulukun—revealed that 64,000 deaths were directly attributed to AMR in Nigeria in 2019. He also identified the country’s most drug-resistant pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.Dr. Akujuobi Igwe, Laboratory and Research Director at Rotan Medical Diagnostics Ltd, highlighted alarming statistics on antibiotic use in Nigeria.“About 66.8% of Nigerians have used antibiotics in the last six months. However, 31.3% obtained them without a prescription, and only 8.3% demonstrated good knowledge of AMR. Additionally, 26.1% stopped taking antibiotics once they felt better, which contributes to resistance.”Research from hospitals in northern Nigeria has documented widespread multidrug resistance among bacterial infections, further emphasizing the need for regional guidelines and antimicrobial stewardship programmes.“At least 18 bacterial species found in food animals exhibited multidrug resistance. Studies on antimicrobial residues in animal products showed that all exceeded recommended safety limits. There has also been a significant rise in multidrug-resistant infections among neonates,” Dr. Igwe reported.Similarly, Dr. Mary Alex-Wele, a Consultant Clinical Microbiologist at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, provided insights into AMR’s global and national burden.Nigeria ranks 19th highest in AMR-related mortality out of 204 countries surveyed. Globally, 4.95 million deaths are associated with AMR, with 1.27 million directly attributed to it. By 2050, this figure is projected to double to 10 million deaths annually.In Nigeria alone, 263,400 deaths are associated with AMR, with 64,500 directly linked to it. The economic toll is also severe, with AMR projected to cause US$100 trillion in global economic losses, a 3.5% decline in GDP, and a 3.8% drop in livestock numbers by 2050.”Her presentation reinforced the urgent need for stronger policies, public awareness, and stricter regulations to combat AMR.The Perspective from the FieldFlorence Onwuasoanya, a poultry farmer in Pegi, Kuje, has been in the business for over 10 years. She shared her experience with antibiotic use in livestock farming.“Whenever I get day-old chicks, I don’t use antibiotics for growth promotion. However, if I notice changes in their faeces, I administer antibiotics based on my experience rather than consulting a vet each time.One thing I always ensure is stopping antibiotics once the chicks reach four weeks old. After that, I use organic alternatives like bitter leaf, scent leaf, neem, pawpaw leaf, and water leaf. I also give them multivitamins to support growth.”Raji Olaide, a pharmacist with over 15 years of experience, also shared his professional insights.“At the Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, I have encountered numerous AMR cases, especially among tuberculosis patients. Recently, a patient came to me with a persistent cough. After reviewing his history, I found he had taken multiple antibiotics without proper guidance. A sensitivity test revealed resistance to almost all common antibiotics, including amoxicillin and erythromycin.AMR is a serious concern that requires urgent attention. The government must intensify public awareness and enforce stricter regulations. The financial burden of AMR is enormous, leading to prolonged treatment and increased healthcare costs. In severe cases, it can be fatal, especially when patients continue taking ineffective medications.”A Call to ActionAMR is an escalating crisis that demands coordinated national and global efforts. Without urgent interventions—ranging from regulatory enforcement to public awareness and responsible antimicrobial use—Nigeria risks facing an even greater health and economic catastrophe. The time to act is now.

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Street Named After Business Mogul, Sam Maduka Onyishi Unveiled in Asokoro

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By David Torough, Abuja

Authorities in the Federal Capital Territory on Saturday honoured renowned entrepreneur and philanthropist, Chief Dr. Sam Maduka Onyishi, with the unveiling of a street named after him in Asokoro, Abuja.

Speaking at the event, the representative of the Abuja Metropolitan Management Council’s Department of Street Naming, Mr.

Charles Adikwu, said the honour was in recognition of Onyishi’s remarkable contributions to national development, job creation, and community upliftment.

Adikwu described the Peace Mass Transit founder as “a businessman who built his enterprises from scratch to the top,” noting that Onyishi has grown into one of Nigeria’s most influential private-sector employers.

The honouree is the Chairman of Globus Bank, Peace Microfinance Bank, Peace Oil & Gas, Peace Mass Transit, and the Chancellor of Sam Maduka University, Akwegbo, Enugu. According to Adikwu, Onyishi’s businesses have collectively provided employment to over 150,000 Nigerians, making him “one of the highest employers of labour in the country.”

Adikwu added that naming streets after distinguished Nigerians also enhances security and navigation within Abuja communities.

“If anything happens along this route, it can now be easily identified as taking place at No. 7 Sam Maduka Onyishi Street,” he said. “Before now, locating places involved unnecessary descriptions that sometimes complicated emergency responses.”

Also speaking, the Regional Manager of Peace Mass Transit (Northern Region), Mr. Ngwu Jude Chinweike, said the gesture reflects government’s increasing willingness to recognise individuals who positively impact society.

He expressed delight that his principal was among those honoured, describing the development as a morale boost for communities and a reminder that meaningful contributions do not go unnoticed.

“The public will now understand that when you make positive impact in your community, government has a way of recognising your efforts,” he said.

Chinweike noted that the newly named street is already attracting interest from businesses and institutions, including security agencies, and assured that Peace Mass Transit and Onyishi’s other subsidiaries would support efforts to enhance the area’s outlook.

“Since the street bears his name, we will keep our eyes here and contribute to ensuring it looks good,” he added.

Chief Dr. Sam Maduka Onyishi, widely regarded for his philanthropy and transformative investment footprint, continues to maintain an active presence in transportation, finance, energy, and education sectors across the country.

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Experts Task Government on Increase in Domestic Funding

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By Laide Akinboade, Abuja

Experts in the health sector, at the weekend agreed that even though foreign grants and aid remain highly valuable, it is imperative for the three tiers of government to increase domestic funding in Nigeria.

They agreed that it is only through the above the nation can build a resilient, domestically financed health system.

This was agreed at the 9th annual health conference organized by the Association of Nigeria Health Journalists (ANHeJ) in Abuja.

The theme of this year conference is ‘Domestic Resource Mobilization in the Face of Dwindling Foreign Grants and Aids’ .

Among those who spoke at the occasion, include, Special Adviser to President on Health, Dr.

Salma Ibrahim Anas, .Minister of State for Health and Social Welfare, Dr. Kunle Salako, representative from National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, (NAFDAC), Dr. Matins Illuyomade,

Salako who was represented by his Special Adviser, Dr. Babatunde Akinyemi, said Nigeria has benefited from substantial foreign health assistance, including over $6 billion from PEPFAR, $2.5 billion from the Global Fund, $1.5 billion from the World Bank, $1.2 billion from Gavi, and $1.6 billion from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

He stressed, that government initiatives under the Renewed Hope Agenda and the Nigeria Health Sector Renewal Investment Initiative (NHSRII), including the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF), which has disbursed over N260 billion to states and the Federal Capital Territory since 2018, and the National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) Act, mandating health insurance for all Nigerians.

He said, “The United States government, through PEPFAR, has invested over $6 billion in Nigeria’s HIV/AIDS response since 2004, with annual allocations averaging $400-450 million in recent years. In fiscal year 2023 alone, USAID (Now DoS) allocated approximately $535 million for health programs in Nigeria, covering HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and maternal and child health initiatives.

“The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria has disbursed over $2.5 billion to Nigeria since 2003, making us one of the largest recipients globally. The World Bank currently supports our health sector with approximately $1.5 billion through various projects, including the $500 million Nigeria COVID-19 Action Recovery and Economic Stimulus Program and the $820 million International Development Association credit for primary healthcare strengthening. Similarly, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has committed over $1.2 billion to Nigeria since 2001 for immunization programs, while the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has invested approximately $1.6 billion across various health interventions in Nigeria over the past two decades.

“The United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), though reducing its overall aid budget, continues to invest significantly in Nigeria’s health system, particularly through the £210 million Health Systems Strengthening program. The European Union and its member states collectively provide approximately €100 million annually for health-related interventions, while the Government of Japan, through JICA, supports our health infrastructure development with grants averaging $30 million annually.
.Multilateral development banks and financial instruments have also remained vital partners; the World Bank in 2024 approved substantial concessional financing, including a major credit and complementary grant financing package that supports health outcomes and health system resilience across states and communities. Such financing is targeted not only at service delivery but at strengthening our ability to prevent, detect, and respond to emergencies”.

Salako noted, “Foreign grants and aid remain highly valuable and will continue to finance critical interventions for some time. But the future we must build is one where domestic resource mobilization, fiscal discipline, efficient spending, and innovative financing are the engines that sustain our national health priorities. The Government of Nigeria is already advancing legal and budgetary instruments, leaning on proven programme data, and working with partners to protect gains while we scale domestic financing.

“Our commitment is to ensure that no Nigerian is left behind during this transition, and that we convert a period of funding volatility into a long-term opportunity to build a resilient, domestically financed health system”.

The Minister of state also enumerated the innovative domestic financing efforts at the state and private sector levels.

“Lagos State allocates over 12% of its budget to health, Kaduna State’s contributory health scheme has enrolled 1.6 million residents, and Abia State has launched a diaspora health investment fund.

“The Private Sector Health Alliance of Nigeria and the Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority contributed over N50 billion and $200 million, respectively, to health initiatives,” he said.

Dr. Salma, in her presentation, said, donor fatigue is real, and the inevitable graduation of Nigeria from various aid programs is approaching.

In his welcome address, ANHeJ President, Joseph Kadiri, said the conference theme, “Domestic Resource Mobilisation in the Face of Dwindling Foreign Grants and Aid,” underscores the urgent need to strengthen domestic financing, partnerships, and resilient health institutions.

Kadiri called on journalists to track government commitments, highlight gaps, and amplify the realities faced by Nigerian families.

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Bayelsa Urges NDDC to Complete Abandoned Akenfa Bridge Project

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From Mike Tayese, Yenagoa

The Bayelsa State Government has called on the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) to resume and complete the long abandoned Bridge Project in Akenfa Community, a suburb of the state capital city, Yenagoa

The Deputy Governor, Sen.

Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo, made the call while presiding over an enlarged meeting with representatives of the NDDC, community leaders of Akenfa Community and relevant government officials at his office in Government House, Yenagoa, on Thursday.

The Deputy Governor has clarified that, although the state government decided to take over some neglected NDDC projects in the state, including the Polaku-Sabagreia Bridge, that of Akenfa was reverted back to the interventionist federal agency after a mutual discussion between the two parties.

Describing the Akenfa link-Bridge project as strategic and critical to pedestrians and vehicular movements in the oil-producing community, Senator Ewhrudjakpo informed that government officially communicated the re-handing over of the project to NDDC in a letter dated 10th March, 2025.

He empathized with the Akenfa community over the delay in the execution of the project, and urged the NDDC to expedite the process of completing it with a view to putting an end to commuting challenges facing the people.

His words: “The project has actually been sent back to the NDDC to handle. But the NDDC seems to be far away from the Akenfa Community. So they find it easier to come to us.

“We believe that the project has gone a long way. What is required to complete it may not be as much as what has gone in there.

“So, we felt that we should hàve this tripartite interaction to let the community know officially that the project is now in the hands of NDDC, and also to let the agency know that our community is agitated considering the long history of that project.”

Responding on behalf of the NDDC, the Bayelsa representative, Senator Deinyabofa Dimaro, said the Commission would review the entire project and have it captured in its 2026 budget for seamless execution.

Senator Dimaro, who promised to properly relate the issue to the Managing Director of the NDDC, Dr. Samuel Ogbuku, however, requested relevant documents from the State Government regarding the reversion of the project back to the NDDC.

Representatives of Akenfa Community who spoke at the meeting included, former Chief of Staff Government House, Yenagoa, Chief Dikivie Ikiogha, and a one-time paramount ruler of the community, Chief Isiya Albert.

Meanwhile, Senator Lawrence Ewhrudjakpo, has on behalf of the Governor constituted a tripartite contact committee involving the government, the NDDC and the Akenfa community to ensure the resumption and completion of the stalled Akenfa Bridge project.

Members of the committee include the state NDDC representative, Senator Deinyabofa Dimaro; the Commissioner for Special Duties (Central), Mandy Akpallo; and Chief Dikivie Ikiogha.

Others are the Technical Adviser to the Governor on NDDC Matters, Kuro Nyenye; Chief Isiya Albert; Secretary to the Akenfa Community, Wilson Mumeya, the Youth President, Moses Izibekiebo, as well as an engineer to be nominated by the Ministry of Works and Infrastructure.

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