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Rwanda Exercises Command, Control over M23 Rebels, Say UN Experts

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Rwanda President Paul Kagame
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Torough David, Abuja

Rwanda has exercised command and control over M23 rebels during their advance in eastern Congo, gaining political influence and access to mineral-rich territory, according to a confidential report by a group of United Nations experts.

The report obtained by Reuters details training that the experts say Rwanda has provided to M23 recruits and military equipment they say Rwanda has deployed – notably “high-tech systems capable of neutralizing air assets” – to give the rebels “a decisive tactical advantage” over Congo’s beleaguered army.

The report was submitted to the UN Security Council sanctions committee for Congo in early May and is due to be published shortly, said diplomats.

M23 has advanced in eastern Congo, seizing the region’s two largest cities, Goma and Bukavu, in January and February. Congo, the United Nations, and Western powers say Rwanda is supporting M23 by sending troops and arms.

Rwanda has long denied helping M23 and says its forces are acting in self-defence against Congo’s army and ethnic Hutu militiamen linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide, including the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR).

The report by the UN experts said Rwanda’s military support for M23 was not “primarily” aimed at addressing threats posed by the FDLR, asserting that Kigali was instead focused on “conquering additional territories”.

Yolande Makolo, Rwanda government spokesperson, told Reuters on Wednesday the report “misrepresents Rwanda’s longstanding security concerns related to the persistent threat of the FDLR and its affiliated groups, which necessitates the defence posture in our border areas.”

U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration is trying to broker a peace deal between Rwanda and Congo that would bring billions of dollars of Western investment to a region rich in tantalum, gold, cobalt, copper, lithium and other minerals.

On Friday, the Rwandan and Congolese foreign ministers signed a peace deal in Washington and met with Trump, who warned of “very severe penalties, financial and otherwise” if the deal is violated.

Qatar is hosting a parallel mediation effort with delegations from the Congolese government and M23.

Makolo said Rwanda was committed to implementing the deal signed in Washington, including neutralising the FDLR, “which will enable the lifting of Rwanda’s defensive measures.”

The U.N. report said Rwanda has hosted leaders of a rebel coalition that includes M23 at its Gabiro Training Centre and also used military centres in Nasho and Gako to train M23 recruits.

Rwanda also “drastically increased” the number of Rwandan troops in eastern Congo ahead of M23’s advance, according to the experts, who offered “a conservative estimate of 6,000″ Rwandan troops active in Congo’s North and South Kivu provinces.

The UN experts also accused Rwanda of “flagrant and systematic violations” of an arms embargo, and said a likely missile attack in January on an armoured personnel carrier carrying UN peacekeepers – killing one and injuring four others – appeared to have been fired from a Rwandan military position.

An estimated 1,000 to 1,500 Rwandan troops were still active in M23-held territory when the report was drafted, and “several thousand” remained along the border ready to deploy, said the report, which covers investigations conducted up to April 20.

M23’s military gains earlier this year spurred fears of a wider regional war drawing in Congo’s neighbours, and also fuelled anxiety over the fate of President Felix Tshisekedi’s government.

In March, M23 travelled as far west as Walikale, an area rich in minerals including tin, putting the rebels within 400 km of Kisangani, Congo’s fourth-biggest city.

The following month, however, M23 withdrew from Walikale, a decision the experts said was “taken following direct instruction from the Government of Rwanda, once again confirming Rwanda’s command and control” over rebel operations.

“This included strategic-level decision-making on whether to seize, hold, or relinquish territory, thereby demonstrating overall operational coordination and hierarchical subordination,” the report said.

The experts also accused Congo of relying on the FDLR and pro-government militia fighters known as Wazalendo, offering them money and logistics in violation of a sanctions regime.

A Congo government spokesperson did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

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Trescothick Eager to Keep England Job Despite Hussey Approach after Pakistan Win

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Marcus Trescothick has insisted he wants to continue working with England’s Test team even though Mike Hussey has revealed an approach by incoming head coach Stephen Fleming to effectively replace him.

Trescothick has been a member of England’s backroom staff since 2021 and is currently leading the Test side on an interim basis ahead of Fleming’s arrival.

Former opening batsman Trescothick and returning captain Joe Root oversaw an innings and 103-run thrashing of Pakistan in the first Test at Headingley on Friday as the hosts went 1-0 up in a three-match series.

Former Australia international Hussey has said he is considering an offer to work as England’s Test batting coach, effectively Trescothick’s role, after being approached by Fleming, his former boss at Chennai Super Kings.

“I’d love to carry on, of course,” said Trescothick.

The 50-year-old, a member of England’s 2005 Ashes-winning team, added: “I’ve a huge amount of respect for Stephen and what he’s done in the game, he was a fantastic captain and leader, and has done a brilliant job doing what he’s done as a coach.

“It’s really not in my job (description) or position to judge that. We’ll wait until we get the tap on the shoulder.”

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Iran’s President Says US Memorandum Best Path Out of Stalled War

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Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian defended a recent memorandum of understanding as the best way for the country to move beyond what he described as a situation of “neither war nor peace.

In a speech published by state-run IRNA early on Sunday, he said members of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council believed the memorandum represented the best possible agreement based on what he described as dignity, wisdom and the national interest.

“There is not a single provision in this agreement that amounts to capitulation,” Pezeshkian said. “The supreme leader sets the policies, and we will follow that path.

The deal known as the Memorandum of Understanding that US President Donald Trump signed in June set an ambitious 60-day deadline for ending the war with Iran and reaching an accord on its nuclear program. That period ended last week, but the two sides remain far apart, with no signs of compromise on the crucial issue of reopening the Strait of Hormuz, vital to global shipping.

Pezeshkian also linked the agreement to Iran’s economic prospects, saying the country could not attract investment in this stalled phase.

“Capital and money are extremely sensitive to risk,” he said. “We have to remove this risk from the country.”

Nearly six months into the war with the United States and Israel, the Iranian economy is suffering under sanctions and a naval blockade.

Pezeshkian acknowledged that his country’s citizens face “many problems,” after the United States launched a new wave of sanctions seeking to further isolate its economy.

“I understand we have many problems in society right now. We are trying to prevent these as much as we can,” Pezeshkian said.

Pezeshkian said that, thanks to Trump, Iran was “in a full-scale economic, military and security war.”

“He says he is imposing the most crushing and terrifying sanctions on Iran,” Pezeshkian said.

Meanwhile, the hard-line new leader of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council warned Tehran’s neighbors against joining the new US effort to hurt Iran’s economy.

“If (Trump) wants to do something, we will retaliate in a seismic manner,” Mohsen Rezaei said in an interview with the state broadcaster that aired Saturday.

Rezaei was named this month as part of senior appointments widely seen as hardening Tehran’s political and military stance. His interview with IRIB is his most extensive public statement since then.

Rezaei said Iran would target oil-shipping routes out of the Persian Gulf — alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz — if neighbors join what he described as the economic war against Iran.

Trump in the past week has vowed to increase Iran’s pain by imposing an “unprecedented” level of economic warfare and isolation. Iran has lived under sanctions for years.

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Iran FM, Pakistan Military Chief Discuss Regional Devts as US Eyes New Tehran Sanctions

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Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi and Pakistan’s defense forces chief, Field Marshal Asim Munir, discussed regional developments and efforts to advance diplomatic solutions, Iranian state media reported on Sunday, as Washington plans to announce new sanctions targeting Tehran.

After nearly six months of war since the US and Israel launched airstrikes against Iran on February 28, the sides are not firing at each other but also showing no sign of pursuing peace talks.

Oil shipments are at a virtual standstill in the Strait of Hormuz, with Tehran threatening to strike any unauthorized oil tankers that try to transit the vital waterway, and Iran’s economy is already under immense pressure from sanctions.

Pakistan, which helped broker an interim US-Iran peace deal in June, has been engaged with the leaderships of the US and Iran in efforts to broker peace between the two countries since their conflict broke out in February this year.

“During the telephone conversation, both sides reviewed the latest regional developments and discussed various dimensions of the current situation,” Iran’s state-run IRNA new agency reported, following telephonic conversation between FM Araghchi and Field Marshal Munir.

“The two sides also exchanged views on diplomatic trends, ongoing efforts to advance political and diplomatic solutions, and ways to enhance bilateral consultations and cooperation.”

This is the second time Araghchi has spoken to Munir, who emerged as a key figure in US-Iran negotiations, about regional developments in less than a week.

The development comes after US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent threatened “the toughest sanctions in history” on Iran. He has also urged cooperation with Washington by China, which buys more than 80 percent of Iran’s shipped oil, according to 2025 data from ‌analytics firm Kpler. ‌Beijing has urged diplomacy.

Iran’s Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Esmaeil Baghaei, said on Saturday the imminent US announcement of ‌new ⁠economic sanctions was an “assertion ⁠of extraterritorial sovereignty over every independent member state of the United Nations.”

The US-Iran war has driven oil prices higher and created inflationary pressures, especially for countries like Pakistan who heavily depend on the Middle East for their fuel needs. Iran has frequently attacked its neighbors in its Gulf region since the war began, firing missiles and carrying out drone attacks the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and other countries.

Islamabad has repeatedly called for diplomacy to resolve the conflict and said last week it was making “all-out efforts” through direct and indirect channels to bring Washington and Tehran back to the negotiating table.

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