NEWS
SEC Mobilises Capital Market Community to Support Tinubu’s $6trn economy
By Tony Obiechina, Abuja
The Federal Government’s aspiration to grow the nation’s economy by a trillion dollars and $3 trillion within a decade respectively has found expression and allies in the nation’s capital market community.
President Bola Ahmed Tinubu had told the business community who gathered at the Nigerian Economic Summit in October that Nigeria’s economy can grow by US$1.
0 trillion and US$3.0 trillion is possible by 2026 and within 10 years respectively. He added that financing the country’s US $3.0 trillion national infrastructure stock can be achieved in 10 years and not 300 years.According to him, “Building megacities in every geopolitical zone of the size and scale of Lagos, must not take us another six decades. We can do it in one decade. A fully networked and connected Nigeria by rail, gas, fiber optics and road network can be constructed in less than 20 years.”
While some people may consider it as a political statement, the Director-General of the Securities & Exchange Commission Mr. Lamido Yuguda who doubles as Chairman of the Capital Market Committee is confident and optimistic that it can be achieved by unlocking the full potentials of the capital market and aligning it with the Renewed Hope Agenda of the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, His Excellency Chief Ahmed Bola Tinubu administration.
This he said on Thursday 16th November 2023 at The third 2023 Capital Market Committee (CMC) meeting held at the Federal Palace Hotel, Lagos.
Present were major key decision makers of the capital market and key industry players whom he had invited for the occasion.
Among these were representatives from the National Assembly, the Federal Ministry of Finance, Federal Inland Revenue Service, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Bureau of Public Enterprise (BPE), Asset Management Corporation (AMCON), National Pension Commission (PENCOM), Ministry of Trade and Investment,
Nigeria Investment Promotion Council (NIPC); Representatives of Trade Groups; Chairman of the Senate Committee on Capital Market; Chairman of the House Committee on Capital Market and Institutions; Chief Executive Officers of Nigerian Exchange; Abuja Securities and Commodity Exchange; Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS); and Chartered Institute of Chartered Brokers (CIS); Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria (AMCON); Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC); Debt Management Office (DMO); Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN); Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF); Federal Mortgage Bank; Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS); Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC); Investment and Securities Tribunal (IST); Nigerian Investment Promotion Council (NIPC);
National Insurance Commission (NAICOM); National Pension Commission (PENCOM).
There was no better and appropriate place to consider an effective implementation of such a big ambition. The capital market is the only platform specifically structured to bridge medium-to-long term financial resource gaps for an economy, distinct from the money market segment which is structured for providing short tenured funds of not more than 12 months.
Lagos as mentioned by Mr. President is not a misstatement. It remains the most industrialized state in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. It resorted severally to the capital market to source its funding through issuance of state bonds to finance infrastructure development projects, made possible with supporting disciplined legal processes such as enactment of new Bond Law, establishment of Irrevocable Standing Payment Orders which guaranteed payment to bondholders; the use of a Consolidated Debt Service Account (CDSA) and Sinking Fund for the benefit of bondholders.
At the meeting, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Capital Market, Distinguished Senator Osita B. Izunaso; his Deputy, Distinguished Senator Peter N. Jiya as well as Chairman of the House Committee on Capital Market and Institutions, Hon Solomon T. Bob; and his deputy Hon. Dr. Mukhtar Umar Zakari was unanimous in pledging the readiness of their committees to contribute towards facilitating the development of an ecosystem that would ensure efficient access to capital formation through regular and effective consultation, cooperation and information exchange.
Senator Osita B. Іzunaso, informed the Committee that legislative initiatives such as the repeal of the Investments and Securities Act (ISA) 2007, has already passed 1st and 2nd Reading at the House of Representatives and also 1st reading at the Senate. His immediate assignment would be to help in expediting the process and aiming for submission to the President for assent by the first quarter of 2024.
He then reaffirmed that the envisioned one trillion-dollar economy can be realized through effective collaboration and productive actions in the market.
The various technical committees’ quarterly reports as presented confirmed the resilience of the nation’s capital market and its positive achievements in spite of the global economic and political turmoil, uncertainties and tension, less than expected growth projections and economic, business activities.
Some major achievements paraded include the about-to-be launched revamped e-Dividend portal, a collaborative effort of the e-Dividend Mandate Technical Committee, the Institute of Capital Market Registrars (ICMR) and Nigeria Interbank Settlement System Plc (NIBSS).
The launch of the revamped e-Dividend portal will bring a host of benefits to investors, further minimizing infractions by registrars. The e-Dividend portal is part of the E-Dividend Management System (E-DMMS) which has been seen as a breakthrough in solving the problems of unclaimed dividends in the Nigerian Capital Market, now risen to about #190 billion.
Since its launch on November 23, 2015, it has provided investors with direct access to their dividends while the endemic problem of stale dividend warrants has been eliminated. Furthermore, travelling from one place to another to deposit dividend warrants has been eliminated.
The revamped portal will provide more comprehensive and updated data from 18 out of 19 Registrars.
The dynamics of the non-interest capital market is blossoming as more and more investors enter to participate in successive issuances of Sukuk.
The issuance of the 6th FGN Sukuk by the Debt Management Office (DMO) witnessed a remarkable success in subscription level of 435 percent. There was also a flotation of an additional Shariah-compliant fixed Income fund. Plans are being finalized to expand awareness and engagement of various stakeholders to explore the development of Shariah-compliant Liquidity instruments for the commodities market and more efforts are being made towards the creation of short-term Sukuk with DMO.
Plans are also underway to secure approval of certain standards and the adoption of additional commodity standards that are already sanctioned by the African Organization for Standardization (ARSO)
De-risking the commodities’ ecosystem is also being envisaged to introduce insurance products suitable for the needs of commodities producers and traders.
From the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) there was a +36.67 percent rise in performance of the All Share Index underscoring the market’s resilience in spite of a slow-down in the participation of foreign investors. Improved sentiments among domestic retail investors and attractive yield of some stocks were some of the major contributors to the improved performance.
FMDQ emerged from the 3rd Quarter with a number of good news, including its recent launch of the Nigerian Housing Strategy Blueprint (NHSB) to the Federal Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. It was also reported that all stages of the FMDQ Derivatives Market Development Project have been successfully executed, while necessary regulatory approvals have been secured for additional derivatives products.
A 23 percent growth in the average daily clearing and settlement value brought the Central Clearing and Settlement value to around #10.7 billion in the third quarter of 2023 and a 60 percent increase on a year-on-year basis is good news. It was also noted that monthly investor KYC recorded 8,572 Accounts being updated, amounting to 31 percent increase when compared to Q2, 2023 record.
Capacity building for the Nigerian Capital Market will soon receive a boost , courtesy of the Nigerian Capital Market Institute (NCMI) which has turned around its faculties towards achieving academic excellence and injecting industry experience. Its Board of Directors has approved the introduction of seven (7) new specialized programs on Investment Banking, Compliance, Islamic Finance, Investment Management, Corporate Governance, Commodities Market and Fintech.
The appointment of Mr Anthony Atuche as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Nigerian Commodities Exchange and the rebranding of the Agency are welcome developments for revamping the agency and refocusing it for optimum performance. For several years, the organization has been operating under a Transition Management Team. It has now been rebranded as an institution with a private sector outlook but with public sector ownership.
In order to launch out fully towards deploying all its arsenals to support the president’s ambition, more effort must be expanded in the following areas: Digitization; Market modernization; Further collaboration with local and international bodies, e.g. the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), African Stock Exchange Association (ASEA), multilateral Agencies such as the World Bank; creating more awareness of the benefits of the capital market, non existence of the Non-Interest Pension Funds; establishment of commodities market for Non-Interest instruments; expanding the current limited pool of investment grade potential for corporate Sukuk issuers within the Capital Market, increase the patronage of foreign investors which market has remained skewed domestic investors, the recent reclassification of Nigerian securities indices by FTSE-Russel and MSCI, due to foreign exchange liquidity challenges and its effects on investor confidence.
The Securities & Exchange Commission has noted these challenges and are taking drastic measures to overcome them with new strategies, taking into consideration the detailed and revised Nigerian Capital Market Master Plan 2015–2025 which remains a blueprint for positioning the capital market for efficiency and international competitiveness.
NEWS
2027: Yona Donates APC Campaign Banner, Seeks Constituents Support
By Tambaya Julius, Abuja
The Councillor representing Tattara/Kondoro Electoral Ward and Chief Whip of the Karu Legislative Council, Hon. Barr. Ninda Yona, has urged constituents to support All Progressives Congress (APC) candidates in the 2027 general elections, citing what she described as the party’s positive impact on the ward.
Yona made the appeal during the unveiling of an APC campaign banner featuring the party’s candidates, describing the event as a significant demonstration of her commitment to the party and its leadership.
She said the APC-led government had contributed to the development of the ward through infrastructure projects, women’s empowerment programmes and improvement in workers’ welfare.
According to her, the ongoing empowerment of women, alongside plans for another round of support, had strengthened her resolve to mobilise grassroots support for the party.
She explained that the banner was intended to showcase APC candidates across different levels of government, from the presidency to the State House of Assembly, while promoting party unity and increasing their visibility among residents.
Appealing to the electorate, Yona urged residents of Tattara/Kondoro to reciprocate what she described as the government’s contributions to their welfare by voting for APC candidates in the forthcoming elections.
“My plea to my electorate is that they should remember that one good turn deserves another. Having enjoyed the benefits of this government, we should also work to give back by supporting the APC at the polls,” she said.
She expressed optimism that Tattara/Kondoro would demonstrate its support for the party during the 2027 elections.
The council also expressed delight over the presence of party candidates and other stakeholders at the event, particularly Hon. Daniel Ogah Ogazi, Hon. Abraham Habu Ekpo, Hon. Bawa Rabo and Hon. Samson Muntari.
According to her, their presence was encouraging and reflected the solidarity among party members as preparations for the elections continue.
Yona expressed appreciation for the support shown by residents during the event and reaffirmed her commitment to grassroots mobilisation.
She urged constituents to remain engaged in the political process as the party prepares for the 2027 general elections.
Foreign News
Pope Leo to Have Surgery after Lump Found on Lung
Pope Leo XIV has announced he will be operated “in the coming days” after a nodule was found on his lung during a medical checkup.
“The doctors found an early, well-localised nodule on my lung,” he told the public during his weekly Sunday prayers in St Peter’s Square in Rome.
The 71-year-old pontiff said his medical team “believe it would be right to intervene” and he had agreed to the operation.
Pope Leo reassured pilgrims that the mass was “well-contained” and caught “at an early stage”.
He concluded his Angelus prayer by thanking everyone for their “spiritual closeness” and said he entrusted himself to their prayers.
Holy See Press Office spokesperson Matteo Bruni told the media that “the operation is scheduled for the first days of next week”.
Bruni added that the Pope is expected to take about a week to recover.
Vatican News, the Holy See’s news portal, said the operation will take place at Gemelli Hospital in Rome.
The hospital set up a special Papal suite following the failed assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II’s life in May 1981, which is still in use today.
Italy’s Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni expressed her “personal solidarity” to the Pope in a post on X as he “faces the ordeal ahead in the coming days”.
Pope Leo, born Robert Francis Provost, succeeded Pope Francis in 2025. He is the 267th occupant of the throne of St Peter – and is the first American.
He was ordained in 1982 and spent years as a missionary in Peru, where he is remembered as a figure who worked with marginalised communities and helped build bridges.
During Sunday’s service, the Pope confirmed his visit to Uruguay, Argentina and Peru later in October will still go ahead.
NEWS
President Tinubu’s 30-Day Fuel “Discount” Cannot Repair the Damage of Subsidy Removal
By Daniel Nduka Okonkwo
The Federal Government has issued a stark warning: restoring petrol subsidies could push the exchange rate towards ₦3,000 to the dollar and petrol prices to at least ₦2,000 per litre. On October 8, 2026, Finance Minister and Coordinating Minister of the Economy Taiwo Oyedele presented these projections, as reported by Channels Television, arguing that subsidy restoration could weaken government revenue, increase borrowing costs, trigger capital flight, and undermine progress on inflation.
The warning deserves serious consideration. But so does a fundamental question: what assumptions and calculations underpin these projections, and how can Nigerians independently assess them?
The economic risks of an expensive subsidy programme are real.
If the government absorbs a substantial portion of petrol costs without a sustainable funding plan, it could face mounting fiscal pressure. Depending on how the programme is financed, the consequences could include increased borrowing, reduced spending on essential services, delayed payments, or higher taxes.A poorly designed subsidy could also distort prices and create opportunities for smuggling and diversion. However, acknowledging these risks is not the same as accepting that a particular exchange rate or petrol price will inevitably follow a policy reversal. Equally, a temporary fuel discount cannot automatically undo the economic consequences Nigerians have endured since subsidy removal.
The ₦3,000-to-the-dollar projection should be examined as a conditional scenario, not an established outcome. The government has described a possible chain of events involving lower revenue, a potential sovereign credit downgrade, costlier borrowing, capital outflows, declining foreign-exchange reserves, and further naira depreciation.
But what is the model’s starting point? How much subsidy spending is assumed? What financing method is envisaged? What happens if crude oil prices, domestic refining output, foreign exchange inflows, or investor behaviour differ from the assumptions? Without these details, the public cannot distinguish a carefully modelled forecast from a warning based on a worst-case scenario.
The same scrutiny should apply to the claim that petrol would cost at least ₦2,000 per litre if the subsidy returned. The relevant factors include crude oil prices, the exchange rate, refining and distribution costs, taxes, profit margins, and the scope of the proposed subsidy. Would the estimate apply to imported petrol, domestically refined petrol, or both? Would it reflect prevailing market conditions or assume that restoring subsidies had already weakened the naira?
The government should publish the assumptions behind its estimate so independent economists can test the calculations and explain the range of plausible outcomes.
Oyedele has argued that subsidies must ultimately be financed through measures such as higher taxes, unpaid salaries and pensions, or money creation. These are genuine risks, but they are not the only conceivable financing arrangements. The fiscal consequences would depend on the programme’s design, duration, eligibility rules, funding source, and budgetary controls.
A targeted, time-limited intervention financed transparently through an approved budget is not economically identical to an open-ended subsidy funded by uncontrolled borrowing or monetary expansion. Those proposing to restore support must demonstrate how it would be funded; equally, the government must explain why its projected outcomes should be regarded as the most likely.
The minister’s reference to more than ₦30 trillion being printed under the previous administration also requires context. Nigeria’s history of monetary financing raises legitimate concerns about inflation and fiscal discipline. Yet that history does not, by itself, establish that any future subsidy would necessarily be financed through money creation. The relevant questions are whether a proposed programme would increase the deficit, how that deficit would be funded, and what safeguards would prevent costs from becoming unsustainable. The debate should focus on the actual financing mechanism rather than treating the worst possible option as inevitable.
Another unresolved issue is what Nigerians have received in return for the removal of the petrol subsidy. The Federal Ministry of Finance’s economic reform scorecard estimates subsidy savings of ₦15.8 trillion across the federation. It puts the Federal Government’s share at ₦5.43 trillion, the states’ share at ₦6.52 trillion, and local governments’ share at ₦3.88 trillion.
These figures matter because the entire ₦15.8 trillion was not retained by the Federal Government as a single pool of cash. The ministry also reports ₦20.4 trillion in incremental federal resources from subsidy savings, other additional revenue, and incremental borrowing, against approximately ₦30.64 trillion in additional expenditure pressures. These are the government’s own figures, not an independent audit, and they should be examined alongside evidence of actual spending and outcomes.
This distinction changes the accountability question. It would be inaccurate to suggest that the Federal Government alone received all the reported savings. But it is entirely reasonable to ask what additional resources each tier of government received, how those resources were used, and whether citizens can see measurable improvements in public services. What additional funding reached hospitals, schools, roads, public transport, and social protection? What proportion went to debt servicing, wages, infrastructure, and other obligations? Where are the independently verifiable results? A fiscal scorecard is useful, but expenditure records, project-level disclosures, and measurable outcomes are necessary to establish whether the public has benefited.
Domestic refining presents another important test of the government’s argument. Greater local refining capacity can reduce dependence on imported finished petrol and may lower some supply-chain costs. Yet domestic production does not automatically guarantee cheaper fuel.
Refineries still face crude oil costs, financing expenses, operational costs, distribution charges, and exposure to international market conditions. Where crude is priced at export-parity levels or refiners must purchase foreign exchange to meet their obligations, domestic production may not insulate consumers from global prices.
The government should disclose how its projections account for local refining and what proportion of petrol supply it expects domestic refineries to provide.
The question is not simply whether Nigeria refines petrol locally, but whether domestic crude-supply arrangements and pricing rules allow Nigerians to capture the benefits of that capacity. If crude is supplied to local refineries at prices reflecting international market conditions, consumers may continue to face substantial price pressures even as imports fall.
Conversely, any proposal to supply crude at preferential prices must identify who bears the cost and how the arrangement affects public revenue. Forward sales of crude to domestic refiners should therefore come with transparent terms, clear delivery obligations, and an explanation of their expected impact on petrol supply and prices.
Another significant development in the debate is the government’s proposed ₦1,350-per-litre ceiling on petrol’s ex-gantry or landing cost. According to the government’s briefing, the proposal is intended to moderate price volatility. Where costs exceed the ceiling, refiners and importers would initially absorb the shortfall and recover it later when market conditions allow. The government has said this arrangement is not a subsidy or price control. Crucially, however, the proposed ceiling does not mean petrol will sell for ₦1,350 per litre at filling stations.
This proposal raises questions that the public deserves to have answered. If suppliers must initially absorb costs above the ceiling, what precisely entitles them to recover those losses later? How will the amounts owed be calculated, verified, and disclosed? Over what period can recovery occur, and what happens if costs remain high for months?
Will the arrangement be voluntary or contractually binding? Who bears the risk if a supplier exits the market or cannot recover its shortfall? Without clear answers, a policy designed to smooth price movements could create opaque liabilities, discourage supply, or shift costs into the future. The label attached to the mechanism matters less than its actual financial structure.
The distinction between subsidy and price modulation is not merely semantic. A traditional subsidy generally involves the government absorbing some of the cost, directly or indirectly, to keep the price paid by consumers below a specified level. Under the announced price-modulation proposal, suppliers would reportedly carry the shortfall initially and recover it later.
That may differ from an immediate government payment, but it does not eliminate the economic cost. If suppliers are compensated, permitted to recover losses through later pricing, or protected by other commitments, the arrangement has financial consequences that should be made public. Trade union representatives have already questioned the government’s description of its fuel-price interventions.
For households, the debate is about much more than the price displayed at a filling station. Petrol costs feed into public transport fares, food distribution, farming, small businesses, and the cost of generating electricity where grid supply is unreliable. When transport and production costs rise, families pay more for necessities even if their incomes remain unchanged.
This is why the removal of a fiscal burden cannot be judged solely by government revenue or foreign-exchange indicators. The assessment must also consider purchasing power, poverty, employment, real wages, and access to essential services. Macroeconomic stability is important, but it does not automatically translate into household relief.
The government has announced cushioning measures, including a temporary discount on petrol dispensed by NNPC Limited, with priority for public transport operators, alongside support initiatives involving cash transfers, credit, and compressed natural gas.
These interventions should be assessed by their implementation, reach, and results, not merely their announcement. How many eligible households and transport operators will receive support? What is the total cost? How are beneficiaries selected? What safeguards prevent political patronage, duplication, or diversion? How will the public know whether the discount has reduced transport fares and household expenses? Transparent reporting is essential if temporary relief is to build public confidence.
A 30-day discount may offer temporary relief to some eligible consumers, but it cannot, by itself, reverse the cumulative effects of higher transport costs, rising food prices, reduced purchasing power, and pressure on small businesses. Nor can a short-term discount guarantee stability in the foreign-exchange market.
The naira’s value is influenced by several factors, including foreign-exchange supply and demand, export earnings, capital flows, investor confidence, and monetary and fiscal policies. Unless the government addresses the broader economic pressures affecting households and the currency, a temporary intervention risks providing only a brief reprieve while the underlying problems persist.
Fuel smuggling also deserves a more precise diagnosis. Price differences between Nigeria and neighbouring countries can encourage illegal cross-border trade, but smuggling is not proof that every form of consumer support is inherently unworkable.
It also raises questions about border surveillance, enforcement, distribution controls, and the integrity of supply chains. A blanket subsidy can create opportunities for diversion, but removing support does not eliminate the need for effective enforcement. The government should publish credible estimates of illegal diversion, explain how those estimates are calculated, and report the results of measures intended to stop it.
The government’s argument will be stronger if it publishes the evidence needed to test it. That means disclosing the assumptions behind the government’s estimated ₦20 trillion annual subsidy cost, the model used to derive the ₦3,000 exchange-rate projection, the basis for the ₦2,000 petrol-price estimate, and the fiscal and contractual details of the proposed ₦1,350 ex-gantry ceiling. It also means publishing regular figures for the price-modulation arrangement, explaining how deferred supplier losses will be recovered, and providing independently verifiable information on the use of post-subsidy resources.
Those proposing a return to subsidy must meet the same standard. They should specify the intended beneficiaries, estimated annual cost, funding source, duration, safeguards against smuggling and diversion, and a credible exit plan. They should also explain whether support would apply to all petrol consumption or be targeted at public transport and vulnerable households
A policy cannot be defended merely because fuel is expensive, just as the government cannot establish that its current approach is beyond challenge merely by warning that an alternative could be costly.
The first set of questions concerns the promised discount: how much will the 30-day intervention cost, who will ultimately finance it and how will the government measure its impact? Will the discount reduce the actual prices paid by eligible consumers, or will some of the benefit be absorbed elsewhere in the supply chain? What happens when the 30 days expire? The government should disclose the eligibility criteria, implementation arrangements, total expenditure, and monitoring process before presenting the intervention as evidence that the hardship caused by subsidy removal is being adequately addressed.
The second set concerns the naira and the broader economy. What evidence supports the claim that restoring subsidies could push the exchange rate to ₦3,000 per dollar? What assumptions underpin the forecast, and what alternative scenarios have been tested? What specific measures are being taken to strengthen foreign-exchange inflows, increase productive capacity, support exports, and reduce structural dependence on imports? A temporary petrol discount is not a substitute for a credible economic strategy capable of improving productivity, strengthening public finances, and supporting currency stability over time.
The third set concerns accountability for the savings from subsidy removal. How much has each tier of government received, how much has been spent, and what measurable improvements have resulted? Can Nigerians access project-level information showing where the money went? Have independent audits established whether reported expenditures produced the promised benefits? These are not unreasonable demands.
When citizens are asked to endure higher living costs in the name of economic reform, transparency about the use of public resources becomes an essential part of maintaining public trust.
The central issue is not whether Nigeria should ignore the dangers of an unsustainable subsidy. It should not. Nor should the public automatically assume that every government projection is exaggerated. The real issue is whether public policy is being tested against transparent calculations, clearly defined obligations, and evidence of results.
The government is entitled to warn Nigerians about the fiscal dangers of restoring petrol subsidies, but it must disclose the assumptions behind its projections, explain the financial mechanics of its price-modulation proposal, and demonstrate what the savings from subsidy removal have achieved.
The president’s 30-day fuel discount should therefore be assessed for what it is: a temporary intervention whose effectiveness depends on its design, implementation, reach, and measurable impact. It should not be presented as a comprehensive solution to the economic consequences of subsidy removal or as a guarantee that the naira will recover.
Lasting improvements require coordinated policies addressing inflation, foreign-exchange supply, domestic production, infrastructure, public transport, and household vulnerability. Without such measures, temporary relief may expire long before the economic pressures confronting ordinary Nigerians have eased.
Economic reform requires more than telling citizens what a policy might cost. It requires showing them the numbers, explaining who bears the burden, and proving whether the promised benefits are reaching the people expected to make the sacrifice.
Nigerians should not be asked to accept indefinite hardship on the strength of projections they cannot scrutinise or assurances they cannot verify. If subsidy removal is intended to strengthen the economy, the government must demonstrate how that objective is being achieved in the lives of ordinary citizens. Thirty days may provide temporary relief, but rebuilding purchasing power, restoring public confidence, and strengthening the naira require transparent decisions, accountable spending, and sustained economic results. Follow Politics
Daniel Nduka Okonkwo is an investigative journalist, human rights advocate, and policy analyst based in Nigeria. He is the founder and publisher of Profiles International Human Rights Advocate (PIHRA), a platform documenting the courage of human rights defenders and examining issues of governance, accountability, security, and fundamental rights.


