Foreign News
Transforming International Institutions as Key to Global Security
By Adeoye O. Akinola
A system that was designed in 1944 has run its course. It is time for holistic transformation to render the UN and its organs and agencies democratic. Not only should, “one country, one vote” be adhered to, but the votes must be equal.
While the permanent and non-permanent membership structure has some merits, permanent membership must be expanded to accommodate countries from all continents with other factors, such as population size taken into account.
In response to Russia’s attack on Ukraine and the complexity of the United Nations (UN) conflict resolution mechanism, the South African president, Cyril Ramaphosa, called for the “transformation of institutions of global governance” during the plenary session of the South Africa-Botswana Bi-National Commission.
On April 28, UN Secretary-General, António Guterres joined the international community in condemning the UN Security Council (UNSC) for failing to prevent or stop the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. Describing the 15-member UNSC as “paralysed”, he made it clear that the UN was set to take over and end the war. What does the UN chief have in mind?
It is exceedingly difficult to compel obedience without military capacity. When former UN Secretary-General, Kofi Anan was asked if he had power, he bluntly replied, “No, I don’t”. Like Anan, Guterres has no power, and no army. He has no authority over the UNSC and clearly, only the UNSC has the power to deploy military personnel. Therefore, any intervention he makes will have minimal effect if the Russian leader remains resolute. Will sanctions work?
Experience has shown that they do not deter states from going to war, but may influence the duration of the conflict. In any case, by the time the sanctions begin to become unbearable, monumental damage would have been done, as the current Russia/Ukraine war has shown.
The inadequacy of the global peace architecture – adopted in 1945 by 51 of the 193 current UN members – to ensure order in the contemporary world, is as glaring as the obstructive tendencies of the veto power enjoyed by the Council’s permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States – the P5).
The operational framework of one of the most important institutions within the UN system, the UNSC, is antithetical to global peace and security. Indeed, reforming the UN should be a matter of urgency and it ought to be declared a “global emergency”.
The Russia/Ukraine war has exposed the incapacity of global institutions to act decisively in averting large-scale destruction of lives and property, partly due to the multiple interests of member states and different factions within the UNSC, which have impeded any attempt to stop the monumental damages to global resources – both human and material.
The membership of states in other international organisations or interest blocs has the tendency of influencing their voting on issues of global concern. For instance, none of the BRICS member states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) voted against Russia at the UN.
Africa, South America, and Australia have no representation in the P5. Apart from its minimal role at the UN, Africa has been relegated to the background of global governance. It has no say in decisions in institutions like the IMF and World Bank. Nine votes are required to pass a resolution at the UN and the P5 only need the support of four other countries among the Elected 10…Furthermore, global institutions such as the UNSC, International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank are undemocratic and operate in an environment that negates the principles of the liberal democracy that they are aggressively marketing across the world.
The P5 control the UNSC, with the ten non-permanent members of the Council (the Elected 10) having minimal power. Their strategic influence also means that they dictate to the world. The P5’s veto power has derailed every attempt to transform the global institution and dismantle the permanent seats. Indeed, Russia has used its veto to prevent the UN and UNSC from taking effective action during the Russia/Ukraine conflict. This reflects the undemocratic environment in which global institutions operate.
Africa, South America, and Australia have no representation in the P5. Apart from its minimal role at the UN, Africa has been relegated to the background of global governance. It has no say in decisions in institutions like the IMF and World Bank. Nine votes are required to pass a resolution at the UN and the P5 only need the support of four other countries among the Elected 10, which include the three African representatives at the UNSC (A3). If the A3 were to vote in opposition, as has sometimes happened, the UNSC would still have the required vote to pass a resolution.
With 54 African countries as members of the UN, the continent makes up 25 per cent of the body’s membership, yet it is excluded from the P5. Asia’s 48 members have China as a permanent member of the UNSC, while the 50-member Europe has three. This is despite the fact that around 75 per cent of the Council’s resolutions relate to Africa.
A system that was designed in 1944 has run its course. It is time for holistic transformation to render the UN and its organs and agencies democratic. Not only should, “one country, one vote” be adhered to, but the votes must be equal. While the permanent and non-permanent membership structure has some merits, permanent membership must be expanded to accommodate countries from all continents with other factors, such as population size taken into account. The permanent members’ veto should be reconsidered, as it has caused more havoc than good.
Adeoye O. Akinola is a Head of Research and Teaching at the University of Johannesburg’s Institute for Pan-African Thought and Conversation, South Africa.
Foreign News
Trescothick Eager to Keep England Job Despite Hussey Approach after Pakistan Win
Marcus Trescothick has insisted he wants to continue working with England’s Test team even though Mike Hussey has revealed an approach by incoming head coach Stephen Fleming to effectively replace him.
Trescothick has been a member of England’s backroom staff since 2021 and is currently leading the Test side on an interim basis ahead of Fleming’s arrival.
Former opening batsman Trescothick and returning captain Joe Root oversaw an innings and 103-run thrashing of Pakistan in the first Test at Headingley on Friday as the hosts went 1-0 up in a three-match series.
Former Australia international Hussey has said he is considering an offer to work as England’s Test batting coach, effectively Trescothick’s role, after being approached by Fleming, his former boss at Chennai Super Kings.
“I’d love to carry on, of course,” said Trescothick.
The 50-year-old, a member of England’s 2005 Ashes-winning team, added: “I’ve a huge amount of respect for Stephen and what he’s done in the game, he was a fantastic captain and leader, and has done a brilliant job doing what he’s done as a coach.
“It’s really not in my job (description) or position to judge that. We’ll wait until we get the tap on the shoulder.”
Foreign News
Iran’s President Says US Memorandum Best Path Out of Stalled War
Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian defended a recent memorandum of understanding as the best way for the country to move beyond what he described as a situation of “neither war nor peace.”
In a speech published by state-run IRNA early on Sunday, he said members of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council believed the memorandum represented the best possible agreement based on what he described as dignity, wisdom and the national interest.
“There is not a single provision in this agreement that amounts to capitulation,” Pezeshkian said. “The supreme leader sets the policies, and we will follow that path.
”The deal known as the Memorandum of Understanding that US President Donald Trump signed in June set an ambitious 60-day deadline for ending the war with Iran and reaching an accord on its nuclear program. That period ended last week, but the two sides remain far apart, with no signs of compromise on the crucial issue of reopening the Strait of Hormuz, vital to global shipping.
Pezeshkian also linked the agreement to Iran’s economic prospects, saying the country could not attract investment in this stalled phase.
“Capital and money are extremely sensitive to risk,” he said. “We have to remove this risk from the country.”
Nearly six months into the war with the United States and Israel, the Iranian economy is suffering under sanctions and a naval blockade.
Pezeshkian acknowledged that his country’s citizens face “many problems,” after the United States launched a new wave of sanctions seeking to further isolate its economy.
“I understand we have many problems in society right now. We are trying to prevent these as much as we can,” Pezeshkian said.
Pezeshkian said that, thanks to Trump, Iran was “in a full-scale economic, military and security war.”
“He says he is imposing the most crushing and terrifying sanctions on Iran,” Pezeshkian said.
Meanwhile, the hard-line new leader of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council warned Tehran’s neighbors against joining the new US effort to hurt Iran’s economy.
“If (Trump) wants to do something, we will retaliate in a seismic manner,” Mohsen Rezaei said in an interview with the state broadcaster that aired Saturday.
Rezaei was named this month as part of senior appointments widely seen as hardening Tehran’s political and military stance. His interview with IRIB is his most extensive public statement since then.
Rezaei said Iran would target oil-shipping routes out of the Persian Gulf — alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz — if neighbors join what he described as the economic war against Iran.
Trump in the past week has vowed to increase Iran’s pain by imposing an “unprecedented” level of economic warfare and isolation. Iran has lived under sanctions for years.
Foreign News
Iran FM, Pakistan Military Chief Discuss Regional Devts as US Eyes New Tehran Sanctions
Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi and Pakistan’s defense forces chief, Field Marshal Asim Munir, discussed regional developments and efforts to advance diplomatic solutions, Iranian state media reported on Sunday, as Washington plans to announce new sanctions targeting Tehran.
After nearly six months of war since the US and Israel launched airstrikes against Iran on February 28, the sides are not firing at each other but also showing no sign of pursuing peace talks.
Oil shipments are at a virtual standstill in the Strait of Hormuz, with Tehran threatening to strike any unauthorized oil tankers that try to transit the vital waterway, and Iran’s economy is already under immense pressure from sanctions.
Pakistan, which helped broker an interim US-Iran peace deal in June, has been engaged with the leaderships of the US and Iran in efforts to broker peace between the two countries since their conflict broke out in February this year.
“During the telephone conversation, both sides reviewed the latest regional developments and discussed various dimensions of the current situation,” Iran’s state-run IRNA new agency reported, following telephonic conversation between FM Araghchi and Field Marshal Munir.
“The two sides also exchanged views on diplomatic trends, ongoing efforts to advance political and diplomatic solutions, and ways to enhance bilateral consultations and cooperation.”
This is the second time Araghchi has spoken to Munir, who emerged as a key figure in US-Iran negotiations, about regional developments in less than a week.
The development comes after US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent threatened “the toughest sanctions in history” on Iran. He has also urged cooperation with Washington by China, which buys more than 80 percent of Iran’s shipped oil, according to 2025 data from analytics firm Kpler. Beijing has urged diplomacy.
Iran’s Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Esmaeil Baghaei, said on Saturday the imminent US announcement of new economic sanctions was an “assertion of extraterritorial sovereignty over every independent member state of the United Nations.”
The US-Iran war has driven oil prices higher and created inflationary pressures, especially for countries like Pakistan who heavily depend on the Middle East for their fuel needs. Iran has frequently attacked its neighbors in its Gulf region since the war began, firing missiles and carrying out drone attacks the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and other countries.
Islamabad has repeatedly called for diplomacy to resolve the conflict and said last week it was making “all-out efforts” through direct and indirect channels to bring Washington and Tehran back to the negotiating table.


