BUSINESS
World Needs More Policy Ambition, Private Funds, Innovation to Meet Climate Goals
By Simon Black, Florence Jaumotte, and Prasad Ananthakrishnan
With each passing year, the stark reality of a hotter planet becomes clearer and the ensuing risks to the global economy intensify. But as the world is waking up to the scale of the climate crisis, geopolitical tensions and fragmentation risks are undermining our ability to coordinate global actions to solve this planetary problem.
Eight years on from the Paris Agreement, policies remain insufficient to stabilize temperatures and avoid the worst effects of climate change.
Collectively, we are not cutting emissions fast enough and are falling short on the needed investment, financing, and technology. The window is closing, but we still have time—just—to change our trajectory and leave a healthy, vibrant, and livable planet to the next generation.Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees to 2 degrees Celsius and reaching net zero by 2050 requires cutting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by 25 percent to 50 percent by 2030 compared with 2019. But, as our new analysis shows, the current global commitments reflected in nationally determined contributions would reduce emissions by just 11 percent by the end of this decade.
To make matters worse, current policies are not consistent with commitments, which means that the world is set to fall short of even that meager goal. Business-as-usual policies would see annual global emissions increase by 4 percent by 2030 and reach a cumulative level sufficient to breach the 1.5-degree target by 2035.
More ambition, stronger policies
To get back on track with the global climate goals, we need more ambition now. A fair approach is for countries to target cuts in emissions in line with per capita incomes.
For example, to keep within 2 degrees of warming, high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low-income countries will need emissions reductions of 39 percent, 30 percent, 8 percent and 8 percent, respectively, by 2030. To stay below 1.5 degrees of warming would entail more drastic emissions cuts of 60 percent and 51 percent for high- and upper-middle income countries.
Ambition alone is not enough. We also need major policy changes to achieve these more ambitious targets. These would ideally be centered on a robust carbon price—rising to a global average of at least $85 per ton by 2030—to provide broad incentives to reduce carbon-intensive energy, shift to cleaner sources, and invest in green technologies.
A carbon price also generates more than enough budget revenues to support vulnerable groups. Around 20 percent of carbon pricing revenues can more than compensate the poorest 30 percent of households. This is in direct contrast to damaging fossil fuel subsidies, which have risen to a record $1.3 trillion annually in explicit fiscal costs alone. Countries must act to phase out such subsidies.
At a global level, cooperation is needed to help assuage fears that carbon pricing would hurt national economic competitiveness. Here, an agreement among large emitters could spur other countries to follow—such as a progressive deal between China, the European Union, India, and the United States. This would cover over 60 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and send a strong signal to the rest of the world.
Boosting climate finance
The path to net zero by 2050 requires low-carbon investments to rise from $900 billion in 2020 to $5 trillion annually by 2030. Of this figure, emerging and developing countries (EMDEs) need $2 trillion annually, a fivefold increase from 2020. Even if advanced economies meet or somewhat exceed their promise to provide $100 billion a year, the bulk of the financing for these low-carbon investments will need to come from the private sector.
Our analysis shows that private sector share of climate finance must rise from 40 percent to 90 percent of the total in EMDEs by 2030. That means a broad mix of policies to overcome barriers such as foreign exchange and policy risks, underdeveloped capital markets, and too few investable projects.
For example, targeted economic policies and governance reforms can lower capital costs. Meanwhile, blended finance that combines private capital with public and donor funding—including from multilateral development banks—can bring down the risk profile of green projects. Think of first-loss capital, credit enhancements, or guarantees.
At the same time, global policies to increase transparency and comparability of projects, standardize taxonomies and strengthen climate-related disclosure requirements are vital in helping investors make low-carbon choices. Again, this highlights the importance of international cooperation.
Scaling up innovation
Of the 50 percent cut to emissions needed by 2030 to stay on track for the 1.5-degree target, more than 80 percent can be achieved from technologies available today. Getting to net-zero by 2050 will, however, require technologies that are still under development or yet to be invented.
Unfortunately, patent filings for low-carbon technology peaked at 10 percent of total filings in 2010 and have since declined. Worse, key technologies aren’t spreading fast enough to emerging and developing countries.
How can this trend be reversed? Recent IMF analysis shows climate policies—such as feed-in tariffs and emissions trading schemes—boost green innovation and investment flows, and help spread low carbon technology across borders. Moreover, in some countries, lowering trade barriers can accelerate imports of low carbon technologies by 20 percent to 30 percent. Yet again this points to the importance of cooperation: to avoid protectionist measures that would impede the broader spread of low-carbon technologies.
Helping countries meet goals
Wherever climate policy intersects with macroeconomic policy, the IMF is here to help. Our new Resilience and Sustainability Trust provides long-term financing on affordable terms to help vulnerable middle- and low-income countries cope with threats such as climate change. The $40 billion trust has already supported programs for 11 countries, with twice that number in the pipeline.
For our wider membership, we add a climate lens to our economic analysis, policy advice, capacity development and data provision. Why? Because macroeconomic and financial sector policies are critical to harnessing the opportunities of the green transition: for low-carbon, resilient growth, and jobs.
But no country can tackle climate change on its own. International cooperation is more important than ever. Only with concerted action, now, will we bequeath a healthy planet to our children and grandchildren.
BUSINESS
CBN Revamps Agric Guarantee Scheme, Targets Smallholder Farmers
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has launched a major overhaul of the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), unveiling a new strategic direction aimed at expanding credit access to smallholder farmers and accelerating national food security efforts.
Speaking in Abuja at the inauguration of the reconstituted ACGSF Board, CBN Governor, Olayemi Cardoso, described the revamp as “a new dawn” for agricultural financing.
He said the initiative reflects the Federal Government’s renewed commitment to reposition agriculture as a driver of inclusive growth, rural development, and economic diversification.Cardoso noted that the ACGSF-established in 1977-remains one of the country’s most impactful development finance tools.
Yet, despite employing nearly two-thirds of Nigeria’s labour force and contributing over 20 per cent to GDP, the agric sector continues to receive less than five per cent of total bank credit. This structural mismatch, he said, has stunted the potential of millions of farmers for decades.The CBN governor stressed that the agricultural landscape has evolved far beyond subsistence farming, now governed by integrated value chains, technology, climate risks and a growing agritech ecosystem. In line with these realities, he said the Scheme must transform into a dynamic, data-driven institution capable of supporting modern agriculture.
He highlighted the 2019 amendment that expanded the Scheme’s share capital from N3 billion to N50 billion and broadened its operational scope. One of the notable enhancements, he added, is the inclusion of farmers’ representatives on the new Board-an “inclusive and strategic” move to ensure policies are grounded in real sector needs.
Cardoso emphasised that the central objective of the revamp is to unlock affordable credit for smallholders who account for 90 per cent of the nation’s agricultural output but remain underserved due to limited collateral, poor credit history and weak access to financial services.
He urged the Board, chaired by Dr. Olusegun Oshin, to design products tailored to women, youth and other underserved groups while leveraging fintechs, microfinance banks and cooperatives to deliver innovative lending models. He also called for the deployment of technology-from satellite imagery to digital dashboards-to track loan utilisation and ensure measurable impact.
Dr. Oshin welcomed the reforms and advocated further expansion of the Fund to meet the scale of investment required for meaningful sectoral transformation.
| ReplyReply allForwardAdd reaction |
BUSINESS
Okonjo-Iweala, Others Urge Youths to Drive Reforms, Strengthen Civic Action
National leaders have challenged youths to lead Nigeria’s renewal, warning that meaningful change now depends on young citizens organizing, demanding accountability and driving sustained civic action.
They made the call on Wednesday night at the 15th anniversary of Enough is Enough Nigeria (EiE), held in Lagos, with the theme “Footprints and Frontlines”.
EiE is a civil society organisation advocating for accountable governance and citizen participation.
In a virtual keynote address, Director-General of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, urged young Nigerians to lead change with courage and conviction.
She recalled her 2010 message to youths, saying it remained relevant.
“Do not wait and watch. Do not ask for permission. Get up, organise and make a difference,” she said.
Okonjo-Iweala noted that with 70 per cent of Nigeria’s population under 30, young people hold huge influence in shaping the country’s direction.
She urged them to use their numbers constructively while confronting persistent challenges such as unemployment and poor access to capital.
She praised EiE’s “Office of the Citizen” initiative for empowering communities to demand transparency and improved public services, adding that civic pressure was crucial for reform.
“Real change depends on organised, determined and courageous young citizens,” she said.
In his remarks, Emir of Kano and former Central Bank Governor, Mohammad Sanusi, said rebuilding Nigeria required honesty and collective responsibility.
“As citizens, we must remember this nation belongs to us. We have done enough damage. Enough is enough, we need to stop,”he said.
Sanusi said Nigeria had repeatedly missed development opportunities because public office was often treated as personal property.
He called for a shared national vision that transcends ethnicity, religion and political interest.
Bishop Matthew Kukah of the Catholic Diocese of Sokoto commended EiE for its resilience in advancing social justice and called on Nigerians, especially the youth, to persist in the struggle for a fair society.
“The journey to justice and fairness has no finish line.
Let us remain relentless in building a Nigeria that is just, equitable and bigger than all of us,” Kukah added.
Former Minister of Communication Technology, Mrs Omobola Johnson, emphasised collaborative effort in nation-building, saying development required hard work, sacrifice and citizens’ willingness to contribute their “time, talents and treasures.”
Executive Director of EiE, Yemi Adamolekun, said Nigeria continued to underperform because citizens were not demanding enough from leaders.
She urged Nigerians not to detach their personal progress from the fate of the country.
She said, “Whatever industry we work in, if Nigeria becomes a failed state, we will all suffer. Silence is not an option. Evil is amplified when good people stay silent.”
After highlighting EiE’s milestones over the past 15 years, Adamolekun announced 36-year-old Mrs Ufuoma Nnamdi-Udeh as the organisation’s new Executive Director.
The anniversary also featured the relaunch of Footprints: Past, Present, Future (2nd Edition), compiled by EiE and forwarded by the late diplomat Dr Christopher Kolade, in whose honour the event was partly dedicated.
Attendees also watched the premiere of One Voice, Many Echoes, a short film featuring archival footage from the 1993 election annulment protests, the 2010 Enough is Enough marches and the 2020 EndSARS demonstrations.
BUSINESS
EFCC Seeks Stronger Alliance with CSOs, Media in Anti-corruption Fight
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has called for deeper collaboration with Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and the media in the fight against corruption, describing both groups as “critical drivers of national change.”
Acting Zonal Director of the EFCC, Kaduna Zonal Directorate, Bawa Usman Kaltungo, made the call on Thursday in Kaduna at a one-day sensitisation workshop for journalists and CSOs.
Kaltungo, who spoke on behalf of the EFCC Chairman, Ola Olukoyede, said the workshop was organised to strengthen cooperation between the commission and key stakeholders whose roles remain vital to public accountability and national integrity.
According to him, CSOs serve as the conscience of society and a bridge between citizens and government, while journalists use the “powerful pen” to shape public opinion and expose wrongdoing.
“Together, you are indispensable allies in safeguarding our economy and our collective future,” he said.
Kaltungo stated that the EFCC had benefited significantly from intelligence and information shared by CSOs and the media, which had helped expose suspicious financial transactions, abuses of office and systemic fraud.
“Our fight against corruption is not a solo mission. It requires synergy, trust and shared intelligence,” he said, urging the participants to use the workshop as a platform for open dialogue and strengthened collaboration.
Kaltungo commended the EFCC Public Affairs Department for organising the programme and formally declared the workshop open.
Earlier, Head of Public Affairs, EFCC Kaduna Zonal Directorate, Zainab Ahmed, outlined the objectives of the workshop, describing CSOs and journalists as the Commission’s “most valued stakeholders.”
She said the workshop was designed to deepen understanding of the legal and practical processes involved in prosecuting financial crimes, emerging threats in the digital space, and the preventive responsibilities of non-state actors.
“Our goal is to ensure all participants leave better informed, better connected, and better equipped to play their respective roles,” she said.
A presentation by the Head of Legal and Prosecution, Nasiru Salele, took participants through key issues in financial crime prosecution, including levels of involvement, evidence assessment and investigation procedures.
Salele identified challenges affecting prosecution, such as uncooperative judges and frequent transfers of Federal High Court judges.
He also highlighted advancements in EFCC investigations, including the use of AI tools and strengthened international cooperation.
Another session, led by Ayukor Ovirororo of the Procurement Fraud Section, focused on cryptocurrency-related crime. He explained how criminals store, move and launder crypto assets through centralized and decentralized exchanges.
Ovirororo warned that while cryptocurrency offers economic opportunities, it also poses national financial risks, citing recent high-profile cases as examples of unregulated digital operations escalating into major threats.
The final session, presented by Tony Orilade, Head of Public Interface at the EFCC Headquarters, centred on the preventive roles of CSOs and the media.
He emphasised the impact of investigative journalism, policy advocacy, public awareness campaigns and monitoring of government activities.
Orilade added that CSOs also provide safe platforms for whistle-blowers and play a significant role in shaping stronger anti-corruption frameworks.

